@article {4839,
	title = {Hierarchical Reasoning about Faults in Cyber-Physical Energy Systems using Temporal Causal Diagrams},
	journal = {International Journal of Prognostics and Health Management},
	volume = {9},
	number = {1},
	year = {2018},
	month = {02/2018},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {The resiliency and reliability of critical cyber physical systems like electrical power grids are of paramount importance. These systems are often equipped with specialized protection devices to detect anomalies and  isolate faults in order to arrest failure propagation and protect the healthy parts of the system.  However,  due to the limited situational awareness and hidden failures the protection devices themselves, through their operation (or mis-operation) may cause overloading and the disconnection of parts of an otherwise healthy system. This can result in cascading failures that lead to a blackout. Diagnosis of failures in such systems is extremely challenging because of the need to account  for faults in both the physical systems as well as  the protection devices, and the failure-effect propagation across the system.  
 
 Our approach  for diagnosing such cyber-physical systems is based on the concept of Temporal Causal Diagrams (TCD-s) that capture the  timed discrete models of protection devices and their interactions with a system failure propagation graph. In this paper we present a refinement of the TCD language with a layer of independent local observers that aid in diagnosis. We describe a hierarchical two-tier failure diagnosis approach and  showcase the results for 4 different scenarios involving both cyber and physical faults in a standard Western System Coordinating Council (WSCC) 9 bus system.},
	issn = {2153-2648},
	attachments = {https://archive.isis.vanderbilt.edu/sites/default/files/ijphm_18_001_0.pdf},
	author = {Chhokra, Ajay and Dubey, Abhishek and Mahadevan, Nagabhushan and Karsai, Gabor and Balasubramanian, Daniel and Saqib Hasan}
}
