In mobile peer-to-peer networks, existing service discovery protocols disregard the exposure of the participating peers' privacy details (privileged information). In these methods, the participating peers must provide their identities during the service discovery process to be authorized to utilize services. However, a peer may not be willing to reveal its privileged information until it correctly identifies the service providing peer. Thus, these peers face a problem; who should reveal their identity first, the service requesting or the service providing peer.

The syntactic and semantic definitions of a program's data structures are valuable to many security and forensics applications, such as memory image mining, software vulnerability discovery, protocol reverse engineering, and virtual machine introspection.